Early cancer detection not only enhances survival rates but also opens up curative treatment options. Your primary care doctor can guide you in choosing the most suitable screening based on your age and risk factors.
As certain cancers such as breast, colon, and lung cancers continue to rise, screening becomes increasingly vital. Establishing criteria and guidelines assists in identifying high-risk patients based on various factors like age, gender, family history, and social background.
Early detection of small, symptom-free cancers through regular screening enhances the success of treatment. Consistent adherence to screening guidelines is a key part of your preventive health plan.
As the new year begins, considering scheduling cancer screenings should be a priority on everyone’s health checklist.
Top 5 Cancer Screenings Worth Considering in 2024
- Mammogram
Breast cancer continues to be among the top health concerns for women over 40 and it is still the subject of medical research. You can read our detailed analysis of breast cancer for more information.
One of the main ways to diagnose breast cancer is a mammogram. A mammogram is a diagnostic tool that employs X-rays to generate images of the breast tissue, aiding doctors in the early detection of breast cancer.
Regular mammograms play a pivotal role by allowing healthcare providers to monitor and compare breast changes over time, often identifying potential abnormalities before they become physically noticeable.
In some instances, mammograms can detect signs of breast cancer up to three years before the presence of a palpable lump.
The American Cancer Society (ACS) outlines guidelines for mammogram screenings, particularly for women at average risk – those without a personal history of breast cancer, significant family history, or specific genetic mutations.
These guidelines serve as a general recommendation for women:
- Women between the ages of 40 and 44 are encouraged to consider starting annual mammogram screenings.
- For women aged 45 to 54, yearly mammograms are recommended.
- Women aged 55 and older can continue with yearly mammograms or opt for biennial screenings if they are in good health and have a life expectancy of at least 10 more years.
The inclusion of ultrasound or MRI evaluations in screening protocols is often recommended for individuals deemed to be at a higher risk of breast cancer. These supplementary imaging tests help provide a more comprehensive assessment, facilitating early detection and potentially improving outcomes.
Consulting with a healthcare provider to determine the most suitable screening regimen based on individual risk factors is advisable for personalized breast cancer screening strategies.
- Prostate cancer screening
Prostate cancer screening primarily involves a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test, designed to detect the presence of PSA – a protein produced by cells within the prostate gland, including both healthy and cancerous cells.
Elevated levels of PSA in the blood may indicate a higher likelihood of prostate cancer. Healthcare providers may have varying approaches to interpreting PSA levels, with some recommending further testing if PSA levels reach a certain cutoff point.
The American Cancer Society (ACS) guidelines suggest that some physicians may consider additional testing if PSA levels are 4 ng/mL or higher.
However, other healthcare providers may opt for further evaluation when PSA levels are around 2.5 or 3, recognizing the potential for variations in interpreting PSA levels.
The ACS provides specific recommendations regarding discussions about prostate cancer screening based on age and individual risk factors:
- For men with an average risk of prostate cancer and an expected lifespan of at least 10 more years, the ACS recommends discussing prostate cancer screening starting at age 50.
- For men at higher risk, such as African American men or those with a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer before age 65, discussions about prostate cancer screening should begin at age 45.
- Men with more than one first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer at an early age should consider discussing prostate cancer screening starting at age 40.
These recommendations from the ACS are intended to guide discussions between men and their healthcare providers about the benefits and potential risks of prostate cancer screening, allowing for informed decisions based on individual risk factors and overall health status.
- Cervical cancer screening
Cervical cancer screening involves two primary tests performed in a healthcare provider’s office that aid in the detection or prevention of cervical cancer.
These tests involve collecting cells and mucus from the cervix and adjacent areas, which are then sent to a laboratory for analysis:
- HPV Test: The human papillomavirus (HPV) test is designed to identify the presence of HPV, a common sexually transmitted infection.
Certain strains of HPV can cause changes in cervical cells that may lead to cervical cancer if left untreated. This test helps in detecting the presence of high-risk HPV strains known to potentially cause cell changes on the cervix.
Persistent infection with these high-risk HPV types can result in cell abnormalities and potentially progress to cervical cancer.
- Pap Smear (Pap Test): A Pap smear involves collecting cells from the surface of the cervix to examine for any abnormal changes.
This test aims to identify precancerous or cancerous cells on the cervix that might require further investigation or treatment.
Early detection of abnormal cell changes through a Pap smear allows for timely intervention to prevent the development of cervical cancer.
It is recommended that cervical cancer screening typically begins after the age of 18. Women can undergo a Pap smear evaluation along with HPV-DNA testing to assess their risk of developing cervical cancer.
Some women may require more frequent screenings, while others may need them less often, based on their unique circumstances.
Consulting with a healthcare provider is crucial in order to establish an appropriate screening schedule tailored to individual needs and risk factors.
Read more about how women can maintain a healthy sex life and find out all about STIs, STDs, available vaccines, and more.
- Lung cancer screenings
The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends annual lung cancer screening for individuals meeting these specific criteria:
- Have a smoking history of 20 pack-years or more, which is calculated based on the number of cigarette packs smoked per day multiplied by the number of years smoked. For example, this could be smoking one pack a day for 20 years or two packs a day for 10 years.
- Are current smokers or former smokers who quit within the past 15 years.
- Fall within the age range of 50 to 80 years.
The primary screening test recommended for lung cancer detection is a low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) scan. This screening procedure involves the use of an X-ray machine that captures detailed images of the lungs using a lower dose of radiation compared to a standard CT scan.
During an LDCT scan, multiple X-ray images are taken from different angles and compiled to create cross-sectional images of the lungs. This imaging technique allows healthcare providers to identify any abnormal areas or potential lung nodules that could indicate early-stage lung cancer or other lung conditions.
Lung cancer screening using LDCT has demonstrated the potential to detect lung cancer at earlier, more treatable stages, potentially leading to better treatment outcomes and increased survival rates.
However, it’s crucial to understand that while LDCT scans can be effective in detecting lung cancer, they may also detect findings that require further evaluation but are not cancerous.
- Colorectal screenings
Colorectal cancer screenings are recommended for individuals aged 45 to 75, encompassing both men and women.
However, those older than 75 and individuals deemed at a higher risk for colorectal cancer should consult with their healthcare provider to determine appropriate screening measures.
Various screening tests are available to detect polyps or colorectal cancer, with options such as flexible sigmoidoscopy and stool tests. Nevertheless, colonoscopy is a commonly employed screening method for preventive purposes.
During a colonoscopy, a healthcare professional utilizes a flexible, illuminated tube to examine the rectum and colon. This procedure allows for the identification and potential removal of polyps or cancerous growths. In certain cases, the doctor can perform the removal of these polyps or cancerous tissues during the colonoscopy itself.
If the results of the colonoscopy appear normal, the doctor may recommend repeating the procedure in another 10 years for routine screening. However, the frequency of subsequent screenings will depend on an individual’s specific risk factors and their family’s medical history. In addition, eating clean can lower the risk of colon cancer, so paying attention to your diet can eliminate some of the risk factors.
It’s crucial to note that individuals should discuss with their healthcare provider to determine the most suitable screening method and schedule based on their personal health history and other considerations.