An abortion is a medical procedure or the process of terminating a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the womb. This procedure can be performed through various methods, both surgical and medical, depending on factors such as the gestational age of the fetus and the health of the pregnant person.
One in four American women who can have children will have an abortion before they turn 45, according to Planned Parenthood.
Types of abortion
Surgical abortions
It typically involves the removal of the embryo, fetus, or other pregnancy-related tissues from the uterus. In a healthcare facility, trained medical professionals carry out various surgical abortion procedures, such as aspiration (suction) abortion and dilation and evacuation (D&E) abortion.
Medical abortions
This approach is generally suitable for pregnancies in the early stages and typically involves taking a combination of medications under medical supervision.
Late pregnancy abortion
According to the Kaiser Family Foundation, just approximately 1 percent of abortions in the United States occur at or after 21 weeks of pregnancy. Some people refer to abortions performed at this point in the pregnancy as “late-term abortions,” but many medical professionals disagree with this nonmedical phrase.
Reproductive autonomy
Abortion allows individuals to make decisions about their own bodies and reproductive futures. It grants them the power to determine whether and when to become parents, considering factors such as their health, financial stability, and life goals.
Financial considerations
Raising a child comes with significant financial responsibilities. For individuals who may not have the resources or support to provide for a child, abortion can prevent additional financial strain and promote better economic stability.
Personal and professional goals
Pursuing education, career advancement, and personal aspirations can be challenging while caring for a child. Abortion allows individuals to continue working towards their goals without the immediate responsibilities of parenthood.
Family and existing children
Some individuals may already have children and understand the demands of parenting. They may choose abortion to ensure that they can provide adequate care and attention to their existing family members.
Risks of being denied an abortion
When access to safe and legal abortion is restricted or denied, individuals may face a range of potential risks that can impact their well-being and overall life trajectory.
Health complications
Being denied an abortion when it is medically indicated can lead to health complications for both the pregnant person and the fetus. In cases of severe health risks, not having access to abortion could result in serious harm or even death.
Emotional and psychological distress
Being forced to continue a pregnancy against one’s wishes can lead to emotional and psychological distress, including anxiety, depression, and feelings of powerlessness.
Financial burden
For individuals who are denied an abortion and are not prepared to become parents, the financial burden of raising a child can be significant. This may strain their financial resources and limit their opportunities.
Impact on existing families
Denying abortion to individuals who already have children can disrupt the well-being of the existing family unit. It can divert attention and resources away from current family members.
Limited choices
Without access to safe and legal abortion, individuals may feel pressured to seek unsafe and potentially life-threatening alternatives, putting their health and lives at risk.
Abortions performed early in a woman’s pregnancy without difficulties have not been shown to have an effect on future fertility. According to Planned Parenthood, having an abortion does not increase the risk of complications during pregnancy or delivery, including stillbirth, early delivery, ectopic pregnancy, and fetal death.
Reasons for having an abortion
1. Half of women who seek abortions say they used contraception in the month before becoming pregnant, indicating that they had no intention of becoming pregnant.
2. Their desire to have children has diminished.
3. Because of a serious health issue, pregnancy poses an immediate threat to their lives.
4. There is a major health problem with the fetus.
5. After a miscarriage or stillbirth, the mother needs medical help to induce the delivery of the nonviable fetal tissue (while doctors would not use the term “abortion” in these cases because the pregnancy has already ended, the medications and procedures are the same. Women may be denied access to this lifesaving care, however, due to persistent abortion restrictions at the state level.
Complications and risks of an abortion
According to the National Academy of Sciences, pregnant women are nearly 13 times more likely to die in childbirth than from receiving an abortion. Between 1988 and 2010, only 0.7 deaths occurred for every 100,000 abortions, versus 8.8 deaths out of every 100,000 births.
Childbirth is riskier for minorities as well. Black women are three times more likely to die in childbirth than white women in the United States, according to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and elevated risks for Native Americans and Alaska Natives follow close behind.
Infections
Infections can occur after any surgical procedure, including abortion. Signs of infection may include fever, chills, pelvic pain, or abnormal vaginal discharge. Prompt medical attention is necessary to treat infections.
Excessive Bleeding
Some bleeding after an abortion is normal. However, heavy bleeding that continues for an extended period may indicate a complication. Excessive bleeding might require medical intervention or further treatment.
Incomplete Abortion
In some cases, not all pregnancy-related tissues are fully removed from the uterus during the procedure. This can lead to infections and further complications. Additional medical treatment or a follow-up procedure may be required.
Uterine Perforation
During a surgical abortion, there is a rare risk of the uterus being punctured or perforated. This may require additional medical attention or surgery to repair the damage.
Adverse Reaction to Anesthesia: If anesthesia is used during the procedure, there is a small risk of adverse reactions. Anesthesia-related complications can include allergic reactions or respiratory problems.
Emotional and Psychological Impact
While not a physical complication, it’s important to consider the potential emotional and psychological impact of abortion. Some individuals may experience feelings of sadness, guilt, or anxiety after the procedure.
Ectopic pregnancy
If an ectopic pregnancy (a pregnancy outside the uterus) is not detected before an abortion, it can lead to serious complications. Ectopic pregnancies require immediate medical attention.
Medical abortions
For medical abortions (using medication to induce a miscarriage), there is a risk of incomplete abortion or excessive bleeding. Follow your healthcare provider’s instructions carefully.
Psychological effects
While many individuals experience relief after an abortion, others may experience emotional and psychological distress. It’s important to seek support if you’re struggling emotionally.
Prepare for an abortion
Urine testing, physical examination, or blood work may be done prior to medical or surgical abortion. In order to confirm your gestational age and rule out an ectopic pregnancy, an ultrasound may be necessary.
Your doctor will go over the benefits, risks, and side effects of any treatment you undergo.
According to UCSF Health, the following may be required prior to a surgical abortion:
1. Oral analgesics, including ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and narcotics
2. Cervix-softening medication misoprostol
3. Antibiotics to help prevent infections Cervical dilators, including laminaria and dilapan, that are inserted into the cervix
4. Sleeping pills.
Follow-up appointments with your healthcare provider are essential to ensure the abortion is complete and to address any concerns.
Surgical abortion
Process: A surgical abortion involves a medical professional performing a procedure to remove the pregnancy from the uterus. There are different types of surgical abortions, including aspiration abortion and dilation and evacuation (D&E).
Abortion aspiration
1. Local anesthesia, or sedation, is administered.
2. The cervix is dilated slightly to allow for the insertion of a thin tube (cannula) into the uterus.
3. Suction is used to remove the pregnancy.
Dilation and evacuation (D&E)
1. The cervix is dilated to allow for the insertion of medical instruments.
2. The pregnancy is removed using suction and medical instruments.
Healing after abortion
Recovery after an abortion is a multifaceted process that involves both physical healing and emotional well-being. This comprehensive guide aims to provide you with valuable insights and guidance on how to recover after an abortion, ensuring that you navigate this period with care, compassion, and support.
Physical recovery
Immediate Post-Procedure Period
After the abortion, you may experience cramping and bleeding, which are normal and expected.
Rest is essential during this time. Do not engage in vigorous activities that may slow your recovery.
Bleeding and Discharge
Bleeding can continue for several days or weeks after the abortion. It may initially resemble a heavy period and gradually taper off.
Use sanitary pads instead of tampons to prevent infection and monitor the color and consistency of the blood.
Pain Management
Over-the-counter pain relievers can help manage cramps and discomfort. Always check with your doctor before taking any new medication.
Applying a heating pad to your lower abdomen can provide relief from cramping.
Physical Activities
Refrain from engaging in vigorous exercise, heavy lifting, or intense physical activities for at least a week following the abortion.
Hygiene and Care
Maintain good hygiene to prevent infection. Avoid baths, swimming pools, and hot tubs until your healthcare provider gives the green light.
Use fragrance-free, gentle soap and warm water to clean the vaginal area.
Emotional healing
Seeking support
Get in touch with loved ones or members of a support group to talk about how you’re feeling. Talking about your experience can help alleviate emotional burdens.
Professional counselors or therapists specializing in reproductive health can provide invaluable guidance.
Self-care
Engage in activities that bring you comfort and joy. This could include reading, taking walks, practicing mindfulness, or spending time with loved ones.
Prioritize self-compassion and avoid self-blame. Remember that your decision was made based on what was best for your circumstances.
Relationships and communication
If you have a partner, communicate openly about your feelings and experiences. Sharing emotions can strengthen your connection during this time.
In the journey of exploring and understanding abortion, it’s crucial to approach the topic with empathy, care, and accurate information. Health, circumstances, and personal beliefs are just a few examples of the many variables that can affect a person’s decision to have an abortion.